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Spinosaurus - Spinosaurus info sheet

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Spinosaurus: the “shapeshifting dinosaur” Some dinosaurs are known from near-complete skeletons; while others, sadly, are largely a mystery due to how few fossils represent them. This forces paleontologists to make educated guesses about how they looked and lived. But these guesses can eventually be overruled by new specimens, even multiple times. Such is the case with the long and troubled history of the Spinosaurus... The holotype The first Spinosaurus fossil was found in Egypt in 1912, sporting features which had never been seen before: The vertebrae exhibited massive spines that stuck out along the creature's back. The longest spine measured 1.65 meters (5.4 ft) in length, as tall as some people! This find was dubbed Spinosaurus Aegyptus (meaning "spine lizard from Egypt"). "Spinosaurus rex"? With mostly vertebrae to work with, paleontologists had to largely guess how the creature looked. This early model depicted a thick skull similar to Allosaurus, and a "tripod" pose with the tail dragging on the ground. This was a common way of reconstructing theropods during the first half of the 20th century (see page 69). Other models in the mid-1900s placed the animal on all fours, like the synapsid Dimetrodon (see page 999). Could we have corrected these mistakes if we looked more closely at the original remains? We'll never know, thanks to World War II. The original Spinosaurus was placed on display in a German museum, which was destroyed in 1944 by a British bombing raid. For over 50 years, all that remained of Spinosaurus was sketches and descriptions of the holotype. a fatty hump like that of a bison has been suggested instead of a sail, but due to the limited use such structure would serve compared to its intense weight, this is not really accepted VIR A sleek fish-eater As our understanding of dinosaurs evolved, the picture of theropods as lumbering, tripod-posed lizards fell out of date. Like other theropods, Spinosaurus was revised to lean forward and balance on its two feet, using a stiff tail to counterweight its long head. Part of a Spinosaurus snout was found in 1998, indicating a thin, crocodile-like skull. The discovery of other spinosaurids such as Baryonyx and Irritator also helped to define Spinosaurus with a streamlined skull and huge, robust arms. Its snout and teeth were adapted to grabbing and eating fish, indicating dependence on water, but Spinosaurus was still believed to be a long-legged apex predator. This interpretation found popularity through its starring role in Jurassic Park III and is now what a lot of people imagine when thinking of a Spinosaurus, looking like a giant Baryonyx with a sail JURASSIC PARK We're not exactly sure of how Spinosaurus'sail was shaped like. While historical depictions sport a smooth, arc-shaped sail, recent constructions have popularized irregular or trapezoidal sails. These sails could've worked to better maneuver in the water, as thermoregulation via to lots of blood vessels, sexual display and/or intimidation, making the animal appear bigger than it actually is Tim Gorillasaurus...? A partial skeleton unearthed in 2014 revealed that its legs were much shorter than previously thought, possibly suggesting that the creature's center of mass was much forward. This shift would've made it difficult for the animal to walk on two legs and therefore he could have instead been a quadruped, walking on its front knuckles like a gorilla. However, an analysis in 2018 indicated that the creature's center of mass was near its hips, suggesting that Spinosaurus could indeed move bipedally. Spinosaurus was the longest land carnivore that ever lived, measuring up to 15 meters long!, however, he was not the biggest... (see page 643) The 15-meters long tadpole Finally, an amazing find from 2020 revealed the presence of enlarged neural spines extending down the length of the creature's tail (separate from the main dorsal sail), indicating Spinosaurus has a fin-like tail that would have improved its ability to move through the water like a tadpole or a crocodile. 2231 BR-600da a

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