Contents

• Overview
• Terminology of memes in French
• History of the Quebecer memes
  • Prehistory of the Quebecer memes, before Internet image boards
  • The translation period, subversion of the anglo Web canons
  • Intertextual/ironic period and the birth of an autonomous meme culture
  • Emancipation of Quebecer memes from the anglo Web
  • Maturity of the Quebecer memes
• Some genres of Quebecer memes
  • Political memes
    • Parody of mainstream media (media criticism)
    • Labour rights memes
  • Memetic characters
  • Passive-aggressive community managers memes
  • Trash memes/shitposting (cacaffichage)
  • Millenial nostalgic memes
• Singularities of Quebecer memes
  • Proclivity for ad hominem
  • Fewer image templates
  • Deliberate use of atrocious French spelling
• Francophone memes outside Quebec
• Lists
  • Some meme pages from Québec (historic or current)
  • Most famous memes from Québec
  • Most famous individuals generating memes from Québec
  • Quebecer humorists whose content often became memes
  • Television programs or movies generating memes in Québec
  • Most famous mèmeurs from Québec
• Quebecer Events on Know Your Meme
• Appropriation of Quebecer memes by advertisement agencies
• Fame outside Québec
  • In the anglosphere
  • In the Francophonie
• Documentaries on Quebecer memes
• Books on Quebecer memes
• Search Interest
• External Links
• External References

Overview

Quebec (spelled in French Québec) is a federated state of Canada (in several of its laws, the government prefers to term itself state, État, rather than province) in North America. It is also famous for its independence movement that has been active at least since 1837. As the only federated state of Canada that is exclusively of French official language (with the caveat that it offers several government services in English), it necessarily has a quite distinctive memetic culture and as such it is necessary to discuss it separately. Obviously, knowledge of French (and even colloquial street French) is paramount to understand most of the memes, not to mention the jokes that rest on the intertextuality with English or specific shared cultural referents.

Terminology of memes in French

The neologism meme poses no difficulty in French, for it is formed from gene and mimetism. Given that gene is spelled gène in French, the resulting word is spelled mème with a grave accent. It is homophone with the word même (same, even, very) with a circumflex accent. The spelling mème has even been officially endorsed by Québec's linguistic authority, the Office québécois de la langue française^[1]. If one were to omit the accents, it would also be homograph with mémé (grandma) with acute accents, and it's been a recurring joke of Quebecer meme pages to chose this spelling deliberately after it was popularized by the page L'Institut du mémé. Apparently, this is a joke referring to Jean-Thomas Jobin misreading meme like mémé, and the error became a meme itself^[7].

Meme pages in Québec like to play with the various pronunciations mème / mémé or meme in English, so any of these forms may be used. It's been noted that among the mèmeurs of Quebec, there was a reluctance to adopt the French form mème because the word wasn't really in use when Quebecer memes were taking off, and it rather resembles the vocabulary of people external to their milieu (that are too 'normie' to get the jokes). Mémé on another hand was an inside joke when it was introduced and therefore better accepted^[4]. This terminological issue was debated in Mike Ward's podcast Mike Ward sous écoute, and while Mike Ward favored meme in English, Laurent Paquin favoured mème in French. In daily life, meme pages owners may prefer the English term, unless it's a formal discussion. This entire issue also led to the ironic form mémé, which could however be on the decline as newcomwers wouldn't get the joke anymore^[7].

The creators of meme pages are called mèmeurs in Québec French^[2]. To be more specific, the word is agreed in gender and number in this manner in French grammar:

• Masculine singular : mèmeur
• Feminine singular : mèmeuse
• Masculine plural : mèmeurs
• Feminine plural : mèmeuses

The study of memes is called mémétique in French. Indeed, the field has started to be documented of late by initiatives such as le Centre d'observation DE LA mémétique, a podcast [balladodiffusion] that invited actual mèmeurs to comment the memetic scene of Quebec. It's even been the subject of some academic interest, such as the "Meme colloque" held by the Observatoire de l'imaginaire contemporain at the Université du Québec à Montréal on this matter^[3]. Antoine Achard in particular noted that the history of art had a blind spot as the academia did not see the important roles of meme pages as institutions that give a sanction of what is an ironic meme, consistently with the institutional theory of art^[7]. Jean-Michel Berthiaume explained that the contemporary understanding of the term meme is not formally correct, and that it would be more accurate to speak of "spreadable media", as the academic concept meme was invented for the purpose of describing the genealogy of ideas^[9].

The issue of translating every term from the dominant English memetic culture forces Quebecer memers to imagine their own funny translations, which in turn become memes on their own. For example, there was no word in French for shitposting, so people invented the neologism cacaffichage (portmanteau of caca and affichage, display), or cacapoteau (a deliberate bad translation of post, that can also be translated as poteau, pole, in French). Similarly, the Polandball page dedicated to Québec, Québecballe, deliberately chose to translate its name to add to the irony.

The term meme game has also received an ironic botched translation in French, mémé-jeu.

History of the Quebecer memes

Prehistory of the Quebecer memes, before Internet image boards

Memes as an object of culture did not start with Internet, and Québec was also influenced by the childlore that was spreading in the anglophone schools, such as the Cool S, the "was here" or "fuck the police"^[4]. For the generations that were the first to embrace memes, this trained them to spread objects of culture among their peers.

Québec certainly had already a popular culture that generated many catchphrases, like the 2 minutes du peuple of François Pérusse, the sci-fi parodic series for children Dans une galaxie près de chez vous, other youth TV series like Une grenade avec ça ? or Macaroni tout garni. One can add comedic groups like Rock et belles oreilles, Les Cyniques, or funny TV hosts like Jean-Luc Mongrain, Denis Lévesque or Claude Poirier. One could also add certain catchphrases that originated from the blunders of politicians, like the « squat novembre au soir » of the federal prime minister Jean Chrétien. Québec also had a fertile ground for the spread of memes with the pre-existing subculture of quétaine (which could be translated tacky in English, Kitsch in German or naco in Mexican Spanish), which for example birthed the Campers' Christmas (le Noël des campeurs, celebrating Christmas on July 25th while camping) or the now defunct restaurant le Jardin Tiki.

One frequent source for new popular culture trends in Québec, then and now, was and still is the latest interview from the Quebecer version of the variety show Tout le monde en parle. Originating in France, its Quebecer edition obtained a greater success after its launch in 2004. Every Sunday, it interviews celebrities or newsworthy people in Québec. which generates week after week a lot of discussions. Some catchphrases originated from that show, such as « Manon, pèse su'l piton » (Manon [Brisebois], press on the button) or « La question qui tue » (The question that kills). The show was occasionally spoofed in ulterior viral videos.

The translation period, subversion of the anglo Web canons

The Star Wars Kid from 2002 could be regarded as one of the very first Internet memes originating from Québec. To a lesser degree, the LQJR song [LQJR for Ligue québécoise de jeux en réseau] by Ludovic "Betaplux" Lachance achieved a similar fame.

In 2009-2010, Quebecer memes were often Facebook pages that gave the challenge to the users to get the most "fan" subscription. Their names mentioned relatable situations that people could identity to.

One of the first initiatives to specialize memes for Quebec came from ConnerieQc, which could be regarded as an subversion of 9gag. The page was founded on 6 October 2011 under the name ODOUBLE as a simple Tumblr blog. Originally, ConnerieQc would mock the TV show Occupation double, but later it started to translate 9gag memes in French and launch its own site^[4]. Over the years, the quality dropped and there started to be more spelling mistakes.

Memes in that period were characterized by their rigidity. They had to follow a strict syntax and expected the use of the Impact font. Memes of that time were regarded as 'normie' for the ulterior ironic period^[6]. Jonathan Drouin decided in 2012 to mock ConnerieQc by launching a parody, KonnerieQc. The memes would be even more poorly written. It was the ironic dank answer to normie memes^[4]. This constituted the opening act of the following 'dank' period.

Intertextual/ironic period and the birth of an autonomous meme culture

Political memes in Québec largely took off because of the 2012 Quebec Student Protests (the Printemps érable). This student strike was extremely rich in art and memes. Early during the strike, on 14 February 2012, Guillaume Lépine founded the École de la montagne rouge, a Quebecer adaptation of the Black Mountain College of North Carolina. This group created many of the most iconic posters and signs of the strike, such as the raised fist saying Printemps érable (pun in French with Arab Spring and maple). ArtactQc also produced many activist paintings. The student strike made Mathieu Bonin famous. Originally opposed to the strike, he turned favourable and became a famous vlogger. One of the most famous memes of the 2012 strike was the police officer nicknamed « Matricule 728 ». This context favored the multiplication of political memes by the Millenial generation. It also explains why most of them were dominated by the left, from parties such as Québec solidaire and the Parti québécois. Another example of 2012 meme was l'oie spéciale (special goose), a character that made a pun with loi spéciale (special act), in reference to the bill that sought to force the students to stop the strike.

The Quebecer Web started to diversify and many Quebecer YouTubers started emerge, such as Gab Roy, Mels Bitch, Mathieu Bonin, Guylaine Gagnon, and Gab Joncas. It's in this context that Lynternait (atrocious spelling for L'Internet) was launched in 2013 as Le monde de Lynternait (People of the Internet, refering to the Quebecer YouTubers). It mocked this subculture of silly Quebecer YouTubers and imported in writing their slang speech. It produced a lot of Dolan memes in butchered French.

A video snowclone in French that was popularized by Lynternait was « X, c'est toujours mieux qu'le métro », a line taken from the European French dub of Sony's Spider Man movie, which sounded ridiculous to Quebecer ears. Naturally, the substituted element was meant to be said in the most slang Quebecer way possible, as a contrast.

Lynternait also started to make a template using the Quebecer comedic actor Marc Labrèche, one of the first examples of a properly Quebecer template for memes. It became so popular that during the 2016 Halloween, there were people that would wear masks of Marc Labrèche^[19].

Lynternait also adapted the Just girly things meme in French, with for example Avoir la diarrhée dans un parc (To have diarrhea in a park) : Just Internet things^[5].

Memers of that period wanted to ironize on the previous 'normie' memes that everyone understood and started to be more meta than ConnerieQc, and proposed 'dank' memes, that were more niche (nichés). They wanted to joke on topics that were less light than before, such as depression and suicide^[6].

Emancipation of Quebecer memes from the anglo Web

In 2015, the new page Pierre de la Trudeau/PDLT ٩͡๏̯͡๏۶ had the ambition to achieve the "memetic sovereignty" of Québec by creating content that was directly inspired by Quebecer culture, with their own templates to make new memes. Originally, the page sought to mock the children program Macaroni tout garni, but over time it became specialized in political memes^[5]. The page was notorious for making memes heavy in typically Quebecer cultural referents, and deliberately excluded USAmerican templates in an effort to emancipate the Quebecer Web. The owner, Antoine Achard, didn't follow that policy for all his pages, but it was the signature of Pierre de la Trudeau. Part of the ironical tone of the page was to follow an exaggerated independentist line, with an ironic rejection of any English vocabulary. One of Achard's greatest pride was when people contacted him saying they learned more about Québec's history by looking up on Wikipedia who was this or that historical character. The page was closed in 2018, because maintaining the role of the page was too exhausting for Antoine Achard, more importantly the ambiguity that made it difficult to identify his precise political beliefs instead of sincerely affirming his beliefs^[7].

A singularity of Québec is that while the political memetic scene in the United States was dominated by the right, it was on the contrary dominated by the left in Québec. The left-wing party Québec solidaire was particularly noted for being reactive to memes. Their co-spokesperson Manon Massé would answer to meme pages, to their great pleasure^[7]. In the right, there is the page Québec FIER that was founded with the help of Ontario Proud. While the latter could get involved in the Ontarian elections due to how lax their electoral laws are, the same wasn't true in Québec, where the laws are more strict. The right-wing figure most liked by memers in Québec was Maxime Bernier^[8].

In parallel, the meme « Le Québec ne sera jamais un pays » (Quebecer will never be a country) spread as an ironic counterpart to this memetic national affirmation. Not everyone who took part to the movement were federalist; sometimes it was just for the lulz. It led to the creation of a Facebook page called Mise à jour quotidienne sur la souveraineté du Québec (Daily Update on Quebec's Sovereignty), that would remind daily the users of the current status of Québec, without ever missing a day.

Social criticism began to take off as a genre in this period, with for example Vivre en appart à 2 minutes de chez mes parents (Living in apartment at 2 minutes from my parents), that would mock the bourgeois of Montréal. Various characters were imagined and they would post their daily musings, in such a way it would ridicule the lifestyles of the bobos (bourgeois-bohêmes) of Montréal. It became a literary genre on its own.

Another page that did much to emancipate the Quebecer memes was L'Institut du mémé, created in 2016 by Laurent Tremblay. According to him, one of the missions of his page was to discuss the Quebecer culture and heritage. This is why there is a deliberate use of Quebecer referents and an attempt to create new templates using them, rather than just recycle those known to the global anglophones^[17]. The very name of memes became a meme in Québec because this page spread the ironical spelling mémé (grandma) to translate meme ironically. There was an explosion of new pages that wrote mémé instead. There was also the page Memes merveilleux à la mémoire de Montcalm that shared a similar ambition, and the owner admitted to have been inspired by Pierre de la Trudeau to begin his own page^[7].

Political memes further specialized with the arrival of archetypal characters that often represented the bourgeoisie, parodies of the sensationalist titles of the mainstream media and finally memes mocking the bad work conditions in certain jobs.

In parallel, trash memes or shitposting (cacaffichage, portmanteau in French for shit display) started to get popular in 2016. The most popular page of this kind is Fruiter. The name started as a joke referring to the videos of the DG Cabanon. Stéphane "Pellep" Pélichet was trying to spread the adjective « fruité » (fruity). DG Cabanon found that hilarious so he would always use it in his videos, and so it became part of the memetic lingo of Québec. Fruiter expanded the joke by misspelling the word. It's at that moment that fan dubs in slang French of popular movies started, most notably those of Harry Potter, or a children animation like Caillou. The famous MEMES GASTRO-ENTÉRITE of Jean-Louis Bombo followed the same genre but in a more intertextual manner^[5]. Fruiter was noted for his endorsement of the party Québec solidaire^[7].

Another genre that took off in 2016 was the nostalgic memes that mocked the cultural references from the childhood of Millenials (French : Millénariaux), such as the bygone TV channel Vrak.tv, or « le p'tit fendant à Pomerleau » (character Denis Pomerleau from the series Une grenade avec ça ?). While it was not created with the specific intention of autonomizing the Quebecer memes, the end result was the same as these programmes only aired in French in Québec. After three weeks, the admins were out of ideas from Une grenade avec ça ?, so the switched to other Vrak.tv programmes^[10]. The actor Jean-François Harrisson that played Pat Béliveau in Une grenade avec ça ? was found guilty of distributing child pornography. This shocked so much Millenials that they made a lot of memes about that, which can partly explain the success of nostalgic memes.

The page Ados Maragon – Porteur du mémé can also classified in that genre because it's a parody of the novels Amos Daragon that Quebecer Millenials all read^[5].

While Quebecer memes sought to gain their autonomy from the global anglo memetic scene, the pages Memes traduits en français sans aucun crédit and Mémés Badement Translatés pour Felquistes Fâché.es embraced the issue of translation by producing the worst possible translations of foreign anglophone memes^[5][7]. Memes traduits en français sans aucun crédit began in July 2017, then was abandoned and restarted in 2018. The concept was to badly translate English memes, similarly to how Doggo memes are written in broken English (see DoggoSpeak). Since 2018, 55 % of the followers of the page were from France. The atrocious translations themselves became running gags on their own and were occasionally reused^[12].

Maturity of the Quebecer memes

In the years 2020, it became common to have specifically Quebecer templates for memes.

The 2020 pandemic of COVID-19 was rich in new templates. For example, the prime minister ("premier" does not exist in French) François Legault said in March 2020 « Envoye à maison ! » (Hurry home!) when addressing elders, a it was much parodied thereafter. He was also mocked in a template on which he wore a face mask on his eyes. In the same month, the National Director of Public Health of Quebec, the Dr Horacio Arruda (Azorean Luso-Quebecer) became famous in Québec and beyond because he declared in a press conference he would go back home to bake « tartelettes portugaises » ("Portuguese little pies"), meaning the pasteis de nata of Portuguese cuisine. There was a tidal wave of memes, recipes, tutorials to bake pasteis de nata in Québec, which were little known before. This happy-go-lucky tone of the Québec government contrasted with the martial speeches used by the presidents Macron and Trump of France and the United States. He also was much parodied for his explanations about flattening the curve of the pandemic^[25][34].

It's also in 2020-2021 that a new genre of Quebecer memes appeared : those denouncing bad work conditions. The page Organisation structurelle coconstruite de lo praticienxe réflexixe (Org Stru Co) became particularly famous in that area. The name itself was already mocking the newspeak favoured by the Quebecer Ministry of Health. It became so influential that managers became fearful to get named on Org Stru Co^[20]. The page closed in 2023.

In 2021, the closure of the Musée Grévin (wax statues) in Montréal caused hilarity because celebrities would fetch their own statues to take back home. The template of Ricardo Larrivée (famous cook) near his statue became a favourite. The leader of the Conservative Party of Québec, Éric Duhaime, became a meme in August 2021 because of a photoshopped picture originating from a woman explaining him why he could not attend the Parliamentary Commission on Obligatory Vaccination. An ad campaign of the government of Québec denouncing racism was also parodied, creating yet another snowclone^[35].

In 2022, a hundred Quebecer influencers made selfies of themselves having a party in a Sunwing plane going to Tulum in Mexico right when Québec still experienced a sanitary curfew. They were stuck in Cancún after Sunwing refused to take them back home, and Air Canada and Air Transat also refused to transport them. The prime minister of Canada Justin Trudeau even dubbed them "ostrogoths". Their misadventures became even funnier when they were forced to return to Québec with a U-Haul truck, giving them the opportunity for further tourism like Disneyland. Quebecer memes proliferated about the whole affair, like one likening their situation to that of the most famous legend on Québec, the Chasse-galerie, in which lumberjacks sell their souls to the Devil to take a flying canoe back home^[26].

Some conservative Quebecers (many of which were truckers) attended the Freedom Convoy of Ottawa, which led L'Actualité en mèmes to mock them in the Mersi kemion meme (Merci camion in broken French) showing a truck shaped like a dolphin^[36].

In 2023, the forest fires raised the climate change to the forefront of the concerns. This led to memes quoting the famous introduction of the children show Dans une galaxie près de chez vous, in which the Canadian spaceship Romano Fafard is launched on 28 October 2034. The party Québec solidaire participated to the global memes about the Barbie movie by making a poster featuring their old co-spokesperson, Manon Massé, as main actress. Feminists used the page Pas de filles sur le pacing to denounce the absence of women amongst the guests of humor shows. In particular, they regularly quoted Le Troquet of Gatineau as a place that never invited female humorists. This led the bistro to invent an AI female humorist, Sonia Bélanger, that was "invited" to every show. It became a running gag to cancel her show every time. Sonia Bélanger became a meme as she was brought as the solution to every shortage of personnel^[27].

Mersi kemion made a comeback with an AI-generated version of the meme. The Minister of Education Bernard Drainville became a meme because of his exasperated tone when journalists would ask him questions. He became Burnout Drainville, and was depicted as an hermit crab, because in French the crab is called bernard-l'hermite^[37].

In 2024, the Archives of Radio-Canada unearthed an interview from 1962 on TikTok featuring the young hockeyer Normand Marineau, that charmed the public with his trilled R and his antiquated accent in general. The adult Normand Marineau noticed the buzz around him and was invited on the radio to comment. Instead of a hockey player, he became psychologist. The subreddit r/EhBuddyHoser caused a scandal in Québec when it announced that it would no longer accept memes in French. This caused a meme campaign to defend the French language^[38].

In 2025, L'Actualité en mèmes produced the most influential template of the year by reusing a picture shared by Justin Trudeau (no longer prime minister of Canada) showing him shopping in a Canadian Tire (hardware store). The chief of the Liberal Party of Québec, Pablo Rodríguez, was much mocked for the illegal donations the party received, nicknamed "brownies". The Minister of Housing France-Élaine Duranceau was also much parodied because of her anti-tenants comments (she herself is a real estate speculator), and she was often represented as a Marie-Antoinette uncaring for the people. In particular, her comment that tenants should just invest in real estate was likened to the apocryphal quote « Qu'il mangent de la brioche ! » (badly translated "Let them eat cake"), that was never uttered in real life (a certain Madame Victoire in reality spoke of « croûte de pâté »). The Astronomer CEO Andy Byron's Affair at Coldplay Concert meme reactivated in Québec an older meme, that of François Legault Kissing His Sister, suggesting it was a forbidden affair like that of Andy Byron. The famous Quebecer entrepreneur François Lambert caused hilarity when he offered his likeness to the AI Sora, which led many to create memes with it. The pornstar Jade Lavoie even used his likeness in her works, which caused an outraged reaction from François Lambert that publicly insulted her^[39].

Some genres of Quebecer memes

Political memes

Political memes in Québec largely took off because of the 2012 Quebec Student Protests (the Printemps érable, pun in French with Arab Spring). This student strike was extremely rich in art and memes. Early during the strike, on 14 February 2012, Guillaume Lépine founded the École de la montagne rouge, a Quebecer adaptation of the Black Mountain College of North Carolina. This group created many of the most iconic posters and signs of the strike, such as the raised fist saying Printemps érable (pun in French with Arab Spring and maple). ArtactQc also produced many activist paintings. The student strike made Mathieu Bonin famous. Originally opposed to the strike, he turned favourable and became a famous vlogger. One of the most famous memes of the 2012 strike was the police officer nicknamed Matricule 728.

This context favored the multiplication of political memes. It also explains why most of them were dominated by the left, mostly Québec solidaire and the Parti québécois. One joke that was particularly common was to declare being the "politburo" of Québec solidaire, because right-wing columnists would always talk about an alleged political bureau. This led to the creation of the meme page Québec solidank, founded by members of the party but without the party's participation^[28].

Occasionally, Quebecer elections since 2012 were opportunities for a lot of memes being made, and meme pages would sometimes state their preferences like Fruiter, Lynternait, Mèmes gasto-entérite ^[28] and Memes traduits en français sans aucun crédit that rooted for Québec solidaire.

Memes socialistes gourmands is a page that was created during the COVID-19 pandemic and is an example of a more politicized angle to memes, as the page clearly stated its views and did not try to be apolitical at all^[21]. Similarly, Abattoir clearly states a feminist angle and seek to highlight various forms of injustices against women. The name was originally meant to be an ironic name for an eventual feminist magazine^[22].

Pages that can be classified in the political category:

• Québec progressiste memes
• Québec solidank
• Comité des Memes Trollétariens
• Lutte syndicale mémé
• Observatoire des délires conspirationnistes du Québec
• Tournant Point QC (mocking TurningPoint from the US)
• Neoliberal Memes : La fin de l'Histoire et le dernier Meme
• Québecballe
• Dérapages poétiques (immortalizing the strangest quotes from Quebecer politicians)
• Québec FIER
• Union Républicaine du Nouveau Parti Mémétique Indépendantiste du Québec
• Memes socialistes gourmands
• Abattoir

Parody of mainstream media (media criticism)

Québec for a long time had no satire of the mainstream media like The Onion or The Beaverton in English. For a few years, there was Le Navet (The Turnip, a term often used to call bad movies in French) in 2013-2015. The memetic scene revived satirical pages parodying mainstream media later without bothering to write entire articles anymore, since people only read the headlines anyways. The pages closely followed the behaviour of the matching medium on the social networks. For example, Le Revoir produced headlines with the same graphic style as its namesake Le Devoir on Facebook.

When Alain, admin of Le Revoir, was asked why he didn't bother to write entire satirical articles, he answered:

« Parce que c’est ça que le monde lit aujourd’hui! Ils lisent juste le titre! Pourquoi est-ce qu’on se taperait la production d’un faux article? ^[28] »
"Because that's what people read now! They only read the title! Why would we bother with the production of a fake article?"

On 20 February 2019, many pages coalized to attack Le Revoir in their memes, which was called in French « la Grande guerre mémétique contre Le Revoir ». It all started when Le Revoir shared a fake article mocking the opposition to the Quebecer gun registry on 18 February 2019. The page My Québécois Romance was the first to react the same day, and then many pages organized in secret to organize a memetic raid together : Tartimédiatiser des memes sur le Clout'eau-Mont-Royal, Union Républicaine du Nouveau Parti Mémétique Indépendantiste du Québec, Front de libération du meme, Memes d'Orléans, Memes merveilleux à la mémoire du gros bon sens, Memes Groulxiens d'instruction publique, Memes pendus même si tous les chiens du Québec aboient en leur faveur, Québec solidank, Memes intersectionnels post-clitoridiens racisés sans-frontières, Memes évangélistes duplessistes and Tu memes-tu ?. The anger came from the fact Le Revoir often mocked rural Québec, depicting it as less advanced and sophisticated than Montréal (montréalocentrisme). There was also a will to inject more dynamism to the memetic scene that was on the decline, and it resurrected some pages like L'Institut du mémé. Le Revoir expressed it had no interest to have a quarrel with teenagers trolls, and noted that the subscriptions to their page increased by 400 that day. Nevertheless, it published a false news headline as usual : « Une école primaire organise un concours de mèmes ayant pour thème Le Revoir » (An Elementary School Organizes a Meme Contest with Le Revoir as Theme)^[11].

Le Journal de Mourréal (mocking Le Journal de Montréal) ridiculed the very sensationalist tone of the media of the company Québecor in general, and in many occasions, its jokes were assumed to be real. In 2024, the French journal Le Figaro thought that the fake news about a fat minister of Québec pledging to lose weight was true. Similarly, the mayoress of Paris Anne Hidalgo was deceived into thinking the image photoshopped by the satirical journal of Thomas Mulcair and Justin Trudeau kissing each other was true. The famous Quebecer news reader Anne-Marie Dussault was also deceived by the satyre. The actual journal, Le Journal de Montréal, found that these incidents were the proof that the satyre was detrimental to the real journal. In 2016, the Le Journal de Montréal filed a complain to the World Intellectual Property Organization, but it was rejected as there was a pending trial on the same matter in Québec. In 2019, Québecor sued Le Journal de Mourréal in front of the Superior Court of Québec for "illegal use of a trading mark". While the owner of the satirical page wanted to appeal and had a large support from the public and even two artists (Mike Ward and Mononc' Serge), he eventually gave up and closed his page^[30].

• Le Revoir (mocking Le Devoir)
• La Paresse (mocking La Presse)
• Le Journal de Mourréal (mocking Le Journal de Montréal)
• L'Doua (mocking Le Droit)
• La Pravda
• La Débandade

Labour rights memes

The struggle of Quebecer workers against bad work conditions took a new turn when it entered the memetic arena, and several pages mocking the absurdities of certain jobs started to appear. One of the most famous ones was Organisation structurelle coconstruite de lo praticienxe réflexixe (OrgStruCo), with a name that was already mocking the newspeak favoured by the Quebecer Ministry of Health. The page became so influential that managers became fearful to get named on OrgStruCo^[20].

One of the characters created by this page was Mishel Kekourge. The name started because the character, a man called Michel in the wrong spelling, was so tired of work that he would have an episode of dissociation, and start asking existential questions : « Qui suis-je ? Que fais-je ? Que courge-je ? » The page would also deliberately butcher French to sound funnier: « aide spikologique » (psychologique), « penules » (pilules).

An humorist like Dominic Babin became more popular through his production of memes on TikTok than from his "proper" humorist career with spectacles. He got famous in his videos depicting the working conditions of certain jobs with great cynicism. People would talk with him about their ridiculous work conditions and he would adapt these conversations into sketches^[29].

• Organisation structurelle coconstruite de lo praticienxe réflexixe (OrgStruCo)
• Dominic Babin

Memetic characters

One genre that is particular to Québec is to create pages in which the memes follow the story of a fictional character. Through the character, certain social archetypes can be mocked. While originally these were graphic memes, they evolved to become textual ones telling the story of a character. Humour is not the only end of these memes; sometimes the point was to be wholesome or dramatic. This genre was rarely seen in English, but there are examples such as Why Did Jessica Leave Me.

Manon Grenier memes started when the aunt of Jérémy Hervieux prepared a « pain-sandwich » for Christmas. His sister suggested that he should make a meme about a Quebecer Christmas starter pack. This first experience gave him a taste for memes, and he later created the character of Manon Grenier in January 2027, a middle-aged woman that was excited to find a granola bar in a Publisac (coupons and advertisements in paper distributed at the doorsteps). Jérémy was inspired by the page Middle Class Fancy. Originally, the Manon Grenier memes were not meant to have a narration (and they all started with Quand…, When…), but creating new templates all the time felt limiting, so Jérémy Hervieux started to create a whole narrative around Manon Grenier with posts that did not contain pictures. The first was about her dream to have a clothesline (corde à linge) that surrounded the whole neighborhood. The reception by the public was so good that the page stopped to be limited to graphic memes. Manon Grenier is a Boomer that is not always very skilled with computers, and so sometimes she would share in public thoughts that were supposed to be private or assume that the page about a celebrity is a direct line to speak to that person. She's about to be sixty years old and works as librarian with her friends Danielle and Yacinthe. Unlike many other memes, Manon Grenier does not speak in broken French but on the contrary a more standard one using terms that fell a little out of use amongst the younger generations. Jérémy used as inspiration for his redaction the Grenier de Bibiane, a website that gathered a corpus of Quebecer oral and folkloric culture. The portrait of Manon Grenier was obtained with a query "middle-aged woman stock photo" in English, and while Manon's was chosen for its neutrality, other characters of the page had portraits associated to a certain emotion. Manon has a frenemy : Renée Drainville. In the summer of 2017, Jérémy was depressed and out of ideas, so he closed the page. In only two hours, support groups appeared, fanart was made and an article in the Journal of Montréal even pondered about the motives for the disappearance of Manon. It remotivated Jérémy to continue. This absence was integrated into the story : Manon Grenier has issues in her life and just ran away. Many misadventures of Manon Grenier were based on real anecdotes shared by the followers of the page. Manon Grenier even reached the French Litterature classes of the CÉGEP of Drummondville, in which the texts of Manon Grenier were analysed to identify the literary devices that were used^[13][23][24].

Mère de famille à Ville Mont-Royal jokes about the shower thoughts of annoying rich people (Ville Mont-Royal is one of the richer municipalities on the island of Montréal)^[14]. Many similar pages were created for the whole fictional family.

Fille de Québec qui vient d'arriver à Montréal was made by Anne Morais to mock her own experience of being a girl from Québec City moving to Montréal, so many of the jokes are based on her own experiences. She noted that most memers were male and had a male gaze, which made it difficult for women to relate to some of them (such as memes about a boyfriend waiting on his girlfriend to be done putting makup). The target public is often not women, which makes a vicious circle that discourages women to become memers. She also noted that girls are discouraged from behaving in a humorous way, that they often feel ashamed to be seen making others laugh deliberately, such as in personality tests or the discourse that funny women are ugly. She also noted that Instagram may be a more friendly platform for female memers than Facebook since there is less user interaction, and no notifications everytime someone commented on a post^[15].

• Manon Grenier Memes (@manongreniermemes)
• Mère de famille à Ville Mont-Royal
• Fille de famille à Ville Mont-Royal
• Aller à l'UQAM ironiquement
• Boire de la pabst non ironiquement en 2018
• Fille qui fait des shoutouts non ironiquement
• Vivre en appart à 2 minutes de chez mes parents
• Lâcher l'uni ironiquement pour focuser sur sa page de cacaffichage
• Gauchiste avec un bon fond mais personne pour taper dedans
• Organiser un colloque à deux minutes de Berri-UQAM
• Fille de Québec qui vient d'arriver à Montréal
• gars de la construction pro syndical de gauche anti cabochon

Passive-aggressive community managers memes

Some social media pages of Québec were noticed for their hilarious community managers, that would answer to trolls in a passive-aggressive way, to the point people started to collect their funny answers in distinct pages, turning them into memes. It's particularly true for Hydro-Québec (public electric company) and Ricardo Larrivée (famous cook, one of the go-to sites in Québec for recipes). One of the core principles of the two managers of the page Hydro-Québec is to answer to hatred with love, even if it must be sarcastic^[32]. Ricardo's answers were particularly noted for answering dryly to stupid questions whose answer was obvious, like following the recipes as written. Unlike Hydro-Québec, Ricardo did not hire professional community managers but actual cooks to answer the questions, since they are all about cooking. Since they managed the page on the side of their real job, they didn't have the time to write flowery answers to idiotic comments, hence the dry tone^[33].

• Passif-agressif Hydro-Québec
• Passif-Agressif Ricardo
• Passif-agressif SAAQ
• Passif-Agressif Incendie Qc

Trash memes/shitposting (cacaffichage)

/!\ This section is a stub. You can help Know Your Memes by expanding it. /!\

One genre that became popular in Québec was to dub in very slang French popular children-friendly media into a more trash direction, to sully the childhood memories of people.

• Harry Potter Quebecer fandubs
• Caillou ou Roche
• Fruiter (butchering of fruité) (@memesfruiter)

Millenial nostalgic memes

Laurent Léveillé and Rosalie di Batista created the page Le ptit fendant à pomerleau, and in the process launched a whole genre of memes in Québec, the nostalgic memes based on Millenial children/adolescent programs that aired on the channel Vrak.tv, using materials from other shows like Macaroni tout garni, Méchant changement or Ramdam. In December 2016, Rosalie had the idea of the page after looking through her files on her computer and finding a picture of Dany Pitre, the manager of the restaurant in Une grenade avec ça ?. She put his picture as her own profile picture, and there was an explosion of popularity : she got 100 likes in barely 15 minutes. Originally, Le ptit fendant à pomerleau was just a private page between 5 people, but then they got 10 000 followers in just 48 hours. The name comes from the rival of the character Dany Pitre, Denis Pomerleau, the owner of the rival restaurant BBQ Joe^[10].

The actor Jean-François Harrisson that played in Une grenade avec ça ? was found guilty of distributing child pornography. This shocked so much Millenials (who felt a sense of betrayal) that they made a lot of memes about that, which can partly explain the success of nostalgic memes^[5]. People from Matane, where Harrisson resided, even contacted Le ptit fendant à pomerleau to offer to stalk the actor at his house to feed the page^[10].

The page Ados Maragon – Porteur du mémé can also classified in that genre because it's a parody of the series Amos Daragon that Quebecer Millenials all read^[5].

• Le ptit fendant à pomerleau (@leptitfendantapomerleau)
• Ados Maragon – Porteur du mémé (spoof of Amos Daragon franchise)
• Romano Fafard mémé pour futures Felquistes insurgées
• Harry Potter Quebecer fandubs
• Caillou ou Roche
• Benjamin (French version of Franklin) fan dubs
• Avatar The Last Airbender Quebecer fandubs

Singularities of Quebecer memes

Proclivity for ad hominem

Star Wars Kid illustrates well how many earlier Quebecer memes involved laughing at someone that did something ridiculous. There were several other examples, like Jonathan Montalvo with his « Mon père est riche en tabarnak » (My father is rich as fuck) or Marc McDermott with his « J'ai l'doua » (I have the right, but more accurately, I'm entitled [to do this])^[4]. This made often Quebecer memes less innocuous for the people they depict, because their fame makes them ridiculed in their private life.

Fewer image templates

Québec has had difficulty to spread image templates (gabarits in French) for the simple reason it already uses the ones that are already common globally. Reciprocally, when it does use its own templates, the rest of the world might not get the cultural references, so the spread would be limited (this is why the Star Wars Kid was a rare case in which a Quebecer meme went global). One tactic of Quebecer mèmeurs was to recycle the global templates and then fill them with cultural references that would be properly Quebecer.

Lynternait was one of the first pages to produce templates with Quebecer cultural references. They flooded their page with memes involving the face of the comedic actor Marc Labrèche. It became so popular that during the 2016 Halloween, there were people that would wear masks of Marc Labrèche^[19].

The page Pierre de la Trudeau also started producing its own graphic templates made from the Quebecer popular culture in a deliberate effort to emancipate the Quebecer memetic scene from the global anglophone Internet^[5].

The page Photos drôles pour gens cool5. Sauf le dimanche, pas de memes le dimanche perhaps created the first Quebecer visual snowclone by mocking the ad campaign Fumer, c'est dégueu (Smoking is disgusting) of the Conseil québécois sur le tabac et la santé^[18]. The meme went with images taken from the ads in which a girl tried to give a cigarette to a boy. The boy answered: « Non, j'aimerais mieux X que fumer » (I'd rather do X than smoke)^[3].

There is some deliberate efforts to create new Quebecer templates, like with the page Quelqu'un devrait faire un meme avec cette image dedicated to this sole purpose.

Deliberate use of atrocious French spelling

In video, many of the most famous Quebecer memes involve people that are intoxicated or quite low on the social ladder. Consequently, their speech is anything but prim and proper French. This is also reflected in the spelling of the memes, where there can be a deliberate choice to write in street phonetics rather than the standard spelling. It's often a French version of the broken English of Doggo or Dolan memes, and a mockery of the issue of translating English memes in French.

It became the epitome of dank memes to choose the worst possible spelling to ironize about the difficulty of translation. It added a layer of humor over the normie meme in English everyone already saw.

Francophone memes outside Quebec

There are North American meme pages in French outside Québec, such as the Instagram page @frskmemes (catering to the Fransaskois, the francophones of Saskatchewan). These memes differ from Québec's as they often mock the difficulties that face these francophones to get services in their languages, or the incomprehension of the anglophones of their culture^[31].

Marc-Antoine Jacques and David Monteau from Folklore inc. noted that mainstream anglophone platforms like Giffy are not friendly to the use of Quebecer memes in GIF format, such as the Palourde royale (Pacific geoduck), using proper keywords in French to find them. Even if one bothers to add these memes in the library, they will be difficult to find once looking for them on Facebook. Queries instead give memes from the United States that may be tone-deaf in Québec. This is why they think there should be more properly francophone platforms integrated to mainstream social media^[16].

Lists

Some meme pages from Québec (historic or current)

See the list

Most famous memes from Québec

The most famous meme from Québec globally is without a doubt Star Wars Kid, but it's been rarely if not never represented from this angle. Indeed, Ghyslain Raza was at the time a Secondary 3 student in Trois-Rivières, Québec in 2002. The spread of the viral video even led to a trial in front of the Superior Court of Quebec against the classmates that shared it online without his consent.

Most Quebecer memes however never achieve this level of global awareness, for the simple reason they refer to realities that are specific to Quebec or were only ever filmed/redacted in French. The very names of Quebecer meme pages became memes on their own, for they often followed certain patterns that expanded on existing jokes. A great many Quebecer viral videos originated from the extremely prosaic televised reports from the journalists of the private channel TVA Nouvelles. Unlike the public federal channel Radio-Canada, TVA has been known to cater to less serious topics occasionally, giving them the opportunity to get on tape great moments of television.

We propose here a list of some of the most famous viral videos and memes in Québec :

See the list

Most famous individuals generating memes from Québec

See the list

Quebecer humorists whose content often became memes

See the list

Television programs or movies generating memes in Québec

See the list

Most famous mèmeurs from Québec

See the list

Quebecer Events on Know Your Meme

• 2012 Quebec Student Protests
• 2017 Quebec Mosque Shooting

Appropriation of Quebecer memes by advertisement agencies

Some advertisement agencies started to use memes as a deliberate strategy for advertisement. For example, the Republik agency launched a meme campaign for the Fruité juices^[17][14]. The supermarkets Maxi were also known to have launched a memetic ad campaign.

The agency Folklore inc. is also known to produce websites following memes-adjacent codes and promoting user interaction. They produced short-lived websites in relation to the news in Québec, such as a page called le Bullshitteur mocking the prime minister Jean Charest in 2012 during the Student Strike (with a face of him reading tweets sent to a certain Twitter account) or the « super-poutre » (supergirder) of the Champlain bridge of Montréal in 2013. They also created the Wiki Bégin to mock the TV host Christian Bégin (that later expanded to become Wiki Plateau, mocking the neighborhood of the Plateau-Mont-Royal in Montréal). They also mocked the celebrity Gregory Charles with a website called Monosourcil.ca. The agency was also famous for making Snap Chatte and Snap Batte, a parody of Snapchat whose purpose was only to send dickpics, which is very audacious for their professionnal field. The usual clients of the agency are usually the webjournal Urbania or trade unions^[16].

According to Charles Vigneau, co-administrator of Pierre de la Trudeau, memes must not be commodified because then it becomes forced and loses its charm, and a necessity of productivity is added to it. Antoine Achard added that corporations that do that should expect to be ridiculed by them^[17].

Some memers like Laurent Tremblay used their meme pages as examples in a portfolio to show their skills to get a job in advertisement^[14].

Fame outside Québec

In the anglosphere

/!\ This section is a stub. You can help Know Your Memes by expanding it. /!\

Quebecer meme pages sometimes interact with the English-speaking Internet, like by crossposting on normie anglo pages such as the National Meme Board of Canada, or when Québecballe crossposts on CANADABALL.

In the Francophonie

The French vlogger Antoine Daniel did a lot to popularize Quebecer memes in Europe with his channel What the cut. He decided to rate the most famous viral videos of Quebec and caused an increase of European traffic to the original channels they were from.

Documentaries on Quebecer memes

There is L'univers mémétique au Québec from TABLOÏD:

There is also Mythes 2.0, a documentary from the National Film Board of Canada (Office national du film).

Books on Quebecer memes

BÉDARD, Megan & GIRARD, Stéphane (dir.). Pour que tu mèmes encore : Penser nos identités au prisme des mèmes numériques, Éditions Somme Toute (collection Cultures vives), Montréal, 248 p.

Search Interest

External Links

• https://quebecsoundboard.com/, memetic audio clips of Québec
• Observatoire de l'imaginaire contemporain, ALN|NT2 Laboratory, https://oic.uqam.ca/publications/aln-nt2.
• Podcast Centre d'observation DE LA mémétique, https://www.qub.ca/balado/le-centre-d-observation-de-la-memetique

External References

^[1] Office québécois de la langue française, Grand Dictionnaire terminologique, URL: https://vitrinelinguistique.oqlf.gouv.qc.ca/fiche-gdt/fiche/26522991/meme-internet

^[2] Podcast Centre d'observation DE LA mémétique, QUB radio, URL : https://www.qub.ca/balado/le-centre-d-observation-de-la-memetique

^[3] « Meme colloque » held by the Observatoire de l'imaginaire contemporain, Université du Québec à Montréal, 12 March 2018, URL : https://encodage.uqam.ca/fiche/OIC64747.

^[4] Centre d'observation DE LA mémétique, episode 1, « L'histoire du meme au Québec – partie 1 »

^[5] Centre d'observation DE LA mémétique, episode 2, « L'histoire du meme au Québec – partie 2 »

^[6] Centre d'observation DE LA mémétique, episode 3, « La dichotomie dank/normie avec Thierry H.L de Lynternait »

^[7] Centre d'observation DE LA mémétique, episode 4, « Le meme politique avec Antoine Achard de Pierre de la Trudeau »

^[8] Centre d'observation DE LA mémétique, episode 5, « Le meme de droite avec Nicholas De Rosa »

^[9] Centre d'observation DE LA mémétique, episode 6, « Les stades de développement mémétique avec Jean-Michel Berthiaume »

^[10] Centre d'observation DE LA mémétique, episode 7, « Le meme nostalgique avec Le ptit fendant à pomerleau »

^[11] Centre d'observation DE LA mémétique, episode 8, « [BULLETIN SPÉCIAL] La Grande Guerre mémétique contre Le Revoir »

^[12] Centre d'observation DE LA mémétique, episode 9, « La propriété intellectuelle du meme avec Tomy Tanguay de Memes traduits en français sans aucun crédit »

^[13] Centre d'observation DE LA mémétique, episode 10, « Les personnages mémétiques avec Manon Grenier memes »

^[14] Centre d'observation DE LA mémétique, episode 12, « Les marques et les memes avec Laurent Tremblay (L'institut du mémé, Mère de famille à Ville Mont-Royal) »

^[15] Centre d'observation DE LA mémétique, episode 13, « Les enjeux des mèmeuses avec Anne Morais (Fille de Québec qui vient d'arriver à Montréal) »

^[16] Centre d'observation DE LA mémétique, episode 14, « Les memes interactifs avec l'agence Folklore »

^[17] Documentary « L'univers mémétique au Québec », TABLOÏD, URL : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ftf82y3bwI4

^[18] Fumer, c'est dégueu ad campaign, URL : https://www.quebecsanstabac.ca/je-minforme/actualites/campagnes-mediatiques/fumer-cest-degueu

^[19] CHARBONNEAU, Kazzie. « Plein d’adolescents ont porté un masque de Marc Labrèche pour l’Halloween », Le Journal de Montréal (Le Sac de chips), 1 November 2016, URL : https://www.lesacdechips.com/2016/11/01/plein-dadolescents-ont-porte-un-masque-de-marc-labreche-pour-lhalloween

^[20] BENJAMIN, Sarah-Florence. « Pleurire sur les réseaux sociaux en attendant la révolution (1) : Org Stru Co », Urbania, 4 June 2021, URL : https://urbania.ca/article/pleurire-sur-les-reseaux-sociaux-en-attendant-la-revolution-1-org-stru-co

^[21] BENJAMIN, Sarah-Florence. « Pleurire sur les réseaux sociaux en attendant la révolution (2) : Memes socialistes gourmands », Urbania, 7 June 2021, URL : https://urbania.ca/article/pleurire-sur-les-reseaux-sociaux-en-attendant-la-revolution-2-memes-socialistes-gourmands

^[22] BENJAMIN, Sarah-Florence. « Pleurire sur les réseaux sociaux en attendant la révolution (3) : Abattoir », 8 June 2021, URL : https://urbania.ca/article/pleurire-sur-les-reseaux-sociaux-en-attendant-la-revolution-3-abattoir

^[23] MARCOTTE, Audrey Pageau. « Dans les coulisses de Manon Grenier », Urbania, 26 February 2018, URL : https://urbania.ca/article/dans-les-coulisses-de-manon-grenier

^[24] DUCHARME, Marianne. « Manon Grenier Memes : l’imposture de la matante branchée », Françoise Stéréo, 20 December 2018, URL : https://francoisestereo.ca/manon-grenier-memes-limposture-de-matante-branchee/

^[25] GAGNON, Pier-Olivier. « "Envoye à maison" – François Legault s’adressant aux 70 ans », L'Écho de Maskinongé, 29 March 2020, URL : https://www.lechodemaskinonge.com/actualites/envoye-a-maison-francois-legault-sadressant-aux-70-ans/

^[26] ABRAN, Geneviève. « Il y a un an jour pour jour, des influenceurs s’envolaient pour Cancún en plein couvre-feu », Journal 24 heures, 30 December 2022, URL : https://www.24heures.ca/2022/12/30/il-y-a-un-an-jour-pour-jour-des-influenceurs-senvolaient-pour-cancun-en-plein-couvre-feu

^[27] SEMLALI, Aïda. « Sonia Bélanger : un « running gag » sur une humoriste fictive passe mal », Radio-Canada, 21 August 2023, URL : https://ici.radio-canada.ca/nouvelle/2005052/troquet-julien-dionne-humour-gatineau

^[28] YATES, Jeff. « Le mème, de blague obscure à arme électorale », Radio-Canada, 28 September 2018, URL : https://ici.radio-canada.ca/nouvelle/1126592/le-meme-de-blague-obscure-a-arme-electorale

^[29] PARÉ-ASATOORY, Gabriel. « L’humour d’un jeune Rimouskois propulsé sur TikTok », 19 January 2025, URL : https://ici.radio-canada.ca/nouvelle/2129788/humour-dominic-babin-tik-tok-rimouski

^[30] « Le Journal de Mourréal », Wikipédia (français), URL : https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Journal_de_Mourr%C3%A9al

^[31] OUANGARI, Lise. « Des mèmes en français, en milieu minoritaire, font fureur sur Instagram », 17 August 2018, URL : https://ici.radio-canada.ca/nouvelle/1118528/page-instagram-memes-frskmemes-francophone-internet

^[32] MAGNAVAL, Alexis. « Les gestionnaires de communauté d’Hydro-Québec, jamais en panne de blagues », Journal de Montréal, 22 September 2020, URL : https://www.journaldemontreal.com/2020/09/22/les-gestionnaires-de-communaute-dhydro-quebec-jamais-en-panne-de-blagues

^[33] CÔTÉ-GIGUÈRE, Philippe. « Discussion avec Passif-agressif Ricardo », Urbania, 13 November 2015, URL : https://urbania.ca/article/discussion-avec-passif-agressif-ricardo

^[34] DUPUIS. Stéphanie. « Les mèmes en 2020, symboles de réconfort ou de désobéissance », Radio-Canada, 12 December 2020, URL : https://ici.radio-canada.ca/nouvelle/1756474/memes-culture-web-pandemie-2020-bilan

^[35] DUPUIS. Stéphanie. « Les mèmes en 2021, signes d’un ras-le-bol généralisé », Radio-Canada, 28 December 2021, URL : https://ici.radio-canada.ca/nouvelle/1850308/memes-actualites-2021-ricardo-paquebot-grevin-bernie-sanders

^[36] DUPUIS. Stéphanie. « En 2022, les mèmes contre-attaquent », Radio-Canada, 29 December 2022, URL : https://ici.radio-canada.ca/nouvelle/1943911/2022-revue-annee-memes-od-sunwing-ukraine-morbius-reine

^[37] DUPUIS. Stéphanie. « Une année incendiaire pour les mèmes en 2023 », Radio-Canada, 29 December 2023, URL : https://ici.radio-canada.ca/nouvelle/2036796/meme-tendance-2023-ia

^[38] DUPUIS. Stéphanie. « L’année 2024 en mèmes, une "joyeuse crise identitaire" », Radio-Canada, 27 December 2024, URL : https://ici.radio-canada.ca/nouvelle/2128236/annee-2024-memes-normand-marineau-identitaire

^[39] DUPUIS. Stéphanie. « L’année 2024 en mèmes, une "joyeuse crise identitaire" », Radio-Canada, 30 December 2025, URL : https://ici.radio-canada.ca/nouvelle/2215917/annee-2025-memes-coldplay-canadian-tire